{"id":12219,"date":"2020-07-15T10:45:57","date_gmt":"2020-07-15T01:45:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adc-japan.com\/uk\/?p=12219"},"modified":"2026-10-18T07:48:36","modified_gmt":"2026-10-17T22:48:36","slug":"ujian-uchida-kraepelin-dan-jumlah-kerja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adc-japan.com\/uk\/ms\/tips-ms\/12219.html","title":{"rendered":"Ujian Uchida-Kraepelin dan Jumlah Kerja"},"content":{"rendered":"<aside class=\"uk-ai-translation-notice\" lang=\"ms\" style=\"box-sizing:border-box;clear:both;margin:0 0 1.5em;padding:1em;border:1px solid #ccd5de;border-left:4px solid #486581;background:#f4f7fa;color:#243746;font-size:14px;line-height:1.8;overflow-wrap:anywhere;\">\n<p style=\"margin:0;\">Halaman ini diterjemahkan secara automatik daripada teks asal bahasa Jepun menggunakan AI generatif. Terjemahan mungkin mengandungi kesilapan. Sila hubungi kami untuk mengesahkan maklumat penting.<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p>Setiap baris pada kertas Ujian Uchida-Kraepelin mengandungi 116 digit. Tugasnya ialah menambah digit yang bersebelahan, jadi menyelesaikan seluruh baris bermakna melakukan 115 penambahan. Dalam ujian utama, peserta beralih baris mengikut arahan setiap minit. Jika sampai ke hujung baris sebelum arahan, peserta terus menyambung pada baris berikutnya. Jika sempat membuat 5 penambahan lagi sebelum arahan, peserta telah melakukan 120 penambahan dalam 1 minit.<\/p>\n<p>Berapa banyak yang dapat dilakukan oleh \u2018orang biasa\u2019 dalam 1 minit? Purata orang Jepun ialah kira-kira 60 penambahan. Purata jumlah kerja (AV) dikira dengan membahagikan jumlah kerja keseluruhan dengan 30 minit. Dalam taburan orang Jepun, kira-kira 60% berada dalam julat 50\u201374 penambahan seminit dan kira-kira 40% dalam julat 55\u201369. Kawasan sekitar ini boleh dianggap sebagai jumlah kerja yang biasa.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adc-japan.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/av_jp.png\" alt=\"Taburan purata jumlah kerja (AV) orang Jepun\" width=\"1716\" height=\"612\" \/><figcaption>Sumber: Nisseiken, Inc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Jumlah kerja dalam Ujian Uchida-Kraepelin telah dikaji dari pelbagai sudut. Dalam kumpulan berumur hampir sama, jumlah kerja tidak tersebar secara sekata. Jauh lebih ramai berada dekat dengan purata, dan bilangan berkurang apabila semakin jauh daripada purata, menghasilkan graf yang menyerupai taburan normal. Semasa menempatkan individu dalam pekerjaan yang sesuai, jumlah kerja yang lebih tinggi tidak semestinya lebih baik. Khususnya dalam syarikat, terdapat julat jumlah kerja yang mencukupi dan sesuai dengan keadaan serta tujuan pekerjaan. Jumlah yang terlalu tinggi atau rendah lebih mudah menyebabkan ketidakpadanan.<\/p>\n<p>Purata jumlah kerja berbeza dengan ketara antara negara dan wilayah. Kami mengandaikan bahawa rentak kehidupan yang berkaitan dengan tahap pembangunan ekonomi mungkin mempengaruhinya. Data peserta yang telah menjalani ujian setakat ini menunjukkan 55\u201361 penambahan seminit di Jepun, Korea Selatan, kawasan pesisir China, Hong Kong dan Taiwan; serta 41\u201346 di Asia Tenggara dan India. Sila ambil perhatian bahawa sampel ini tidak mewakili seluruh negara atau wilayah berkenaan.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adc-japan.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/work-volume-region-ms.png\" alt=\"Perbandingan jumlah kerja dalam sampel Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara\" width=\"1021\" height=\"465\" \/><figcaption>Sumber: Nisseiken, Inc. Angka ini ialah nilai rujukan kerana saiz sampel dan tempoh pengumpulan data berbeza.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Apabila membandingkan negara atau wilayah, taburan perlu dilihat bersama purata. Sebagai contoh, graf di atas menunjukkan bahawa pemilihan 20% peserta dengan jumlah kerja tertinggi daripada sampel ASEAN menghasilkan kumpulan dengan jumlah kerja kira-kira 10% lebih tinggi daripada purata orang Jepun.<\/p>\n<p>Perubahan jumlah kerja mengikut umur turut dikaji. Pada zaman kanak-kanak, jumlah kerja meningkat pesat seiring pertumbuhan; selepas dewasa, peningkatan biasanya berhenti pada usia tiga puluhan. Dalam data Jepun, kumpulan umur 15\u201316 tahun mempunyai purata kira-kira 40 penambahan seminit, kemudian meningkat mengikut umur sehingga mencapai 60 dalam kumpulan umur 22 tahun. Selepas itu peningkatan menjadi lebih perlahan. Kumpulan usia tiga puluhan mengekalkan purata hampir 65 sebelum menurun secara beransur-ansur. Ini boleh membantu memerhatikan perkembangan kanak-kanak dan menganggarkan potensi perkembangan selanjutnya bagi pekerja baharu.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adc-japan.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/work-volume-age-ms.png\" alt=\"Perubahan purata jumlah kerja (AV) mengikut umur dalam data Jepun\" width=\"1687\" height=\"711\" \/><figcaption>Sumber: Nisseiken, Inc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Kajian dalam bidang pengangkutan mendapati bahawa apabila kumpulan dengan jumlah kerja tinggi dan rendah dibandingkan, kumpulan dengan jumlah kerja rendah lebih cenderung mengalami kemalangan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Halaman ini diterjemahkan secara automatik daripada teks asal bahasa Jepun menggunakan AI generatif. Terjemaha &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/adc-japan.com\/uk\/ms\/tips-ms\/12219.html\" class=\"more-link\">\u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080 <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Ujian Uchida-Kraepelin dan Jumlah Kerja<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12011,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[136],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12219","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tips-ms"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Fahami purata jumlah kerja (AV), taburan, perbandingan sampel serantau, perubahan mengikut umur dan kaitannya dengan kesesuaian individu dengan pekerjaan.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" 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